Recontructionism Essay

The role of the student in a Reconstructionist learning environment. The role of the student in the reconstructionist learning environment is to be an active participant. Students are encouraged to think critically about the world in which they live in and how it can be changed for the better. Students learn how to be problem solvers and decision makers. It is common for students to be challenged on their thoughts and feelings regarding topics. Acquisition of strong moral values are also encouraged through teaching. Reconstructionist encourages social activism among its students. It is not uncommon for students to learn while doing, such as organizing a food drive for the local homeless shelter. Progressivism With the Laboratory School set the stage for the progressive education movement. Based on the view that educators, like scientists, need a place to test their ideas, Dewey’s Laboratory School eventually became the most famous experimental school in the history of U. S. education, a place where thousands observed Dewey’s innovations in school design, methods, and curriculum. Although the school remained under Dewey’s control for only eight years and never enrolled more than 140 students (ages 3 to 13) in a single year, its influence was enormous. Dewey designed the Lab School with only one classroom but with several facilities for experiential learning: a science laboratory, an . Progressivism organizes schools around the concerns, curiosity, and real-world experiences of students. The progressive teacher facilitates learning by helping students formulate meaningful questions and devise strategies to answer those questions. Answers are not drawn from lists or even Great Books; they are discovered through real world experience. Progressivism is the educational application of a philosophy called pragmatism. According to pragmatism, the way to determine if an idea has merit is simple: test it. If the idea works in the real world, then it has merit. Both pragmatism and progressivism originated in America, the home of a very practical and pragmatic people. John Dewey refined and applied pragmatism to education, establishing what became known as progressivism. John Dewey was a reformer with a background in philosophy and psychology who taught that people learn best through social interaction in the real world. Dewey believed that because social learning had meaning, it endured. Book learning, on the other hand, was no substitute for actually doing things. Progressivisms do not believe that the mind can be disciplined through reading Great Books, rather that the mind should be trained to analyse experience thoughtfully and draw conclusions objectively. Dewey saw education as an opportunity to learn how to apply previous experiences in new ways. Dewey believed that students, facing an ever-changing world, should master the scientific method: (1) Become aware of a problem; (2) define it; (3) propose various hypotheses to solve it; (4) examine the consequences of each hypothesis in the light of previous experience; and (5) test the most likely solution. (For a biography of John Dewey, see the Hall of Fame: Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) Dewey regarded democracy and freedom as far superior to the political ideas of earlier times. Dewey saw traditional, autocratic, teacher-cantered schools as the antithesis of democratic ideals. He viewed progressive schools as a working model of democracy. Dewey wrote: To imposition from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individuality; to external discipline is opposed free activity; to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience; to acquisition of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal; to preparation for a more or less remote future is op-posed making the most of the opportunities of present life; to statistics and materials is opposed acquaintance with a changing world. The Progressive Classroom Walk into a progressivism classroom, and you will not find a teacher standing at the front of the room talking to rows of seated students. Rather, you will likely see children working in small groups, moving about and talking freely. Some children might be discussing a science experiment, while another group works on a model volcano, and a third pre-pares for a presentation. Interest centres would be located throughout the room, filled with books, materials, software, and projects designed to attract student interest on a wide array of topics. Finally you notice the teacher, walking around the room, bending over to talk with individual students and small groups, asking questions and making suggestions. You sense that the last thing on her mind is the standardized state test scheduled for next week. Progressivisms build the curriculum around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students, and encourage students to work together cooperatively. Teachers feel no compulsion to focus their students’ attention on one discrete discipline at a time, and students integrate several subjects in their studies. Thought-provoking activities augment reading, and a game like Monopoly might be used to illustrate the principles of capitalism versus socialism. Computer simulations, field trips, and interactive websites on the Internet offer realistic learning challenges for students, and build on students’ multiple intelligences. Progressivism in Action: The Laboratory School In 1896, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Dewey founded the Laboratory School as a testing ground for his educational ideas. Dewey’s writings and his work art room, a wood-working shop, and a kitchen. Children were likely to make their own weights and measures in the laboratory, illustrate their own stories in the art room, build a boat in the shop, and learn chemistry in the kitchen. They were unlikely to learn through isolated exercises or drills, which, according to Dewey, students consider irrelevant. Since Dewey believed that students learn from social interaction, the school used many group methods such as cooperative model-making, field trips, role playing, and dramatizations. Dewey maintained that group techniques make the students better citizens, developing, for example, their willingness to share responsibilities. Children in the Laboratory School were not promoted from one grade to another after mastering certain material. Rather, they were grouped according to their individual interests and abilities. For all its child-cantered orientation, however, the Laboratory School remained hierarchical in the sense that the students were never given a role comparable to that of the staff in determining the school’s educational practices. Social Reconstructionism Social reconstructionism encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus their studies and energies on alleviating pervasive social inequities, and as the name implies, reconstruct society into a new and more just social order. Al-though social reconstructionist agree with progressivists that schools should concentrate on the needs of students, they split from progressivism in the 1920s after growing impatient with the slow pace of change in schools and in society. George Counts, a student of Dewey, published his classic book, Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order? in which he outlined a more ambitious, and clearly more radical, approach to education. Counts’s book, written in 1932, was no doubt influenced by the human cost of the Great Depression. He proposed that schools focus on reforming society, an idea that caught the imagination and sparked the ideals of educators both in this country and abroad. Social challenges and problems provide a natural (and moral) direc tion for curricular and instructional activities. Racism, sexism, environmental pollution, homelessness, poverty, substance abuse, homophobia, AIDS and violence are rooted in misinformation and thrive in ignorance. Therefore, social reconstructionists believe that school is the ideal place to begin ameliorating social problems. The teacher’s role is to explore social problems, suggest alternate perspectives, and facilitate student analysis of these problems. While convincing, cajoling, or moralizing about the importance of addressing human tragedy would be a natural teacher response, such adult-led decision-making flies in the face of reconstructionist philosophy. A social reconstructionist teacher must model democratic principles. Students and teachers are expected to live and learn in a democratic culture; the students themselves must select educational objectives and social priorities. The Social Reconstructionist Classroom A social reconstructionist teacher creates lessons that both intellectually inform and emotionally stir students about the inequities that surround them. A class might read a book and visit a photojournalist’s exhibit portraying violent acts of racism. If the book, exhibit and the class discussion that follows move the students, the class might choose to pursue a long-term project to investigate the problem. One group of students might analyse news coverage of racial and ethnic groups in the community. Another student group might conduct a survey analysing community perceptions of racial groups and race relations. Students might visit city hall and examine arrest and trial records in order to determine the role race plays in differential application of the law. Students might examine government records for information about housing patterns, income levels, graduation rates and other relevant statistics. The teacher’s role would be as facilitator: assisting students in focusing their questions, developing a strategy, helping to organize visits, and ensuring that the data collected and analysed meet standards of objectivity. Throughout, the teacher would be instructing students on research techniques, statistical evaluation, writing skills, and public communications. In a social reconstructionist class, a research project is more than an academic exercise; the class is engaged in a genuine effort to improve society. In this case, the class might arrange to meet with political leaders, encouraging them to create programs or legislation to respond to issues the students uncovered. The students might seek a pro bono attorney to initiate legal action to remedy a social injustice they unmasked. Or perhaps the students might take their findings directly to the media by holding a press conference. They might also create a Web page to share their findings and research methods with students in other parts of the country, or other parts of the world. How would the teacher decide if the students have met the educational goals? In this example, an objective, well-prepared report would be one criterion, and reducing or eliminating a racist community practice would he a second measure of success. Social Reconstructionism in Action: Paulo Freire Paulo Freire believed that schools were just another institution perpetuating social inequities while serving the interests of the dominant group. Like social reconstructionism itself, Freire’s beliefs grew during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when he experienced hunger and poverty first-hand. Influenced by Marxist and neo-Marxist ideas, Freire accused schools of perpetuating the status quo views of the rich and powerful â€Å"for the purpose of keeping the masses submerged and content in a culture of silence. † Schools were endorsing social Darwinism, the idea that society is an ingenious â€Å"sorting† system, one in which the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves at the bottom of the social and economic pecking order. The conclusion: Those with money de-serve it, those without money deserve their lot in life, and poverty is a normal, preordained part of reality. Freire rejected this conclusion. He did not believe that schools should be viewed as â€Å"banks,† where the privileged deposit ideas like social Darwinism to he spoon fed into the limited minds of the dispossessed. He envisioned schools as a place where the poor can acquire the skills to regain control of their lives and influence the social and economic forces that locked them in poverty in the first place. Freire engaged the poor as equal partners in dialogues that explored their economic and social problems and possible solutions. Freire believed in praxis, the doctrine that when actions are based on sound theory and values, they can make a real difference in the world. (It is no accident that the term praxis is also the name given to the teacher competency tests required by many states. ) Freire’s ideas took hold not only in his native Brazil, but in poor areas around the globe. As poor farm workers became literate and aware, they organized for their self-improvement, and began to work for change. It is not surprising that the autocratic leaders of his country eventually forced him into exile, for he had turned schooling into a liberating force. For a biography of Paulo Freire, see the Hall of Fame: Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) How Can Education Reduce Crime? A major proposition for solving the crime epidemic has always been a call for more education: however does a more educated society mean a lawful society? Schools as institutions are merely a microcosm of society and as such must inherently reflect the attitudes and behavior of the public, including stealing from each other beating up on each other, dealing in contraband and sexually violating each other. Students flout school regulations and/or national laws. One can now ponder which comes first, the chicken or the egg? Does the deviant student become the criminal? Or does the criminal modeling within society create the deviant student? Students however are not the only perpetrators of crime in schools. Teachers represent authority figures in the system, and like in wider society, they may abuse their power and break school rules as well. These unfortunate events again raise questions. What causes a teacher to give unfair advantages to his favorite students? What causes the politician/policeman to pardon his criminal friend or allow him unfair advantages? What causes authority figures to victimize members of a certain groups? In the end, we need to view the issues of crime in school and crime in society as interlinked. Viewed in this context, the solution of increased education on its own to mitigate crime, seems less feasible. A favorable learning environment, coupled with specialized teaching techniques can lower deviance and increase the rule of law. Students are more likely to succeed when they feel connected to the school and the learning process. This connection reflects students’ belief that school administrations care about them as individuals. Teachers are central to creating a clear classroom structure. They must build connectedness in the classroom and encourage team-learning exercises to break down social isolation by integrating student teams across gender, academic ability, and ethnicity. A supportive school administration must not allow a young person to ‘fail’, or students will inadvertently believe in’ winners and losers’. This assumption sets up a dysfunctional dichotomy: the ‘winners’ or the academically proficient become ‘nerds’ and ‘losers’. A positive, nurturing school culture with students experiencing connectedness to their school will create a positive, nurturing society with citizens experiencing connectedness to their communities and by extension, their country. Studies show a high proportion of students positively connected to their school are likely to increase academic performance and school competition rates and decrease incidents of fighting, bullying, vandalism and absenteeism. There is strong evidence, applicable across racial, ethnic and income groups that students who feel connect to school are less likely to exhibit disruptive behavior. Implementing civic education, particularly education about the rule of law into school curricula is used in Latin America and Asia as a predominant technique to foster knowledge and attitudes that prevent crime and corruption, protect human rights and enrich and enhance formal democracy. In Trinidad and Tobago, the education system has consistently separated schools and students into vocation and university tracks and as such, avoided providing all students with the same core curriculum and setting inclusive academic standards. This form of ‘informed prejudice’ has created, over the past decades, a society of confident and ‘inferior’ citizens, professionals and dropouts, favored ‘old-boy’ graduates and ‘neglected strugglers. ’ Without a significant paradigm shift in the education system, the levels of crime in schools and society will increase or remain constant, students will always steal and teachers will always create as many or more problems than they solve. Higher levels of education do not guarantee less crime in society, but indeed a more effective education system that caters to both the students and teacher’s mental and psychological health, while fostering a greater understanding and appreciation for civic duty and the rule of law, is key for crime reduction. Advocates: Early education key to reducing crime The key to eradicating crime and violent behaviour, say organizers with the non-profit Fight Crime: Invest in Kids Pennsylvania, is to invest more resources in early care and child education. That was the theme earlier this week as Fight Crime visited the Penn Alexander School to unveil its findings in the multi-point plan, â€Å"High-Quality Early Care and Education: a Key To Reducing Crime in Pennsylvania. † The plan points to numerous nationwide studies which found that in Michigan, at-risk children not enrolled in high-quality programs were five times more likely to be chronic offenders by the age of 27; another report, this one based on Chicago, found that at-risk kids not participating in the city’s child-parent centre programs are 70 per cent more likely to be arrested for a violent crime by the age of 19. And since the School District of Philadelphia’s enrolment of at-risk/economically disadvantaged children currently sits at 80. 6 per cent – or 117,749 students – it only made sense for Philadelphia to be the first stop in a state-wide mission, said Fight Crime Pennsylvania State Director Bruce Clash. â€Å"Philadelphia is obviously important because it’s a big city, and important because so many kids here have unmet needs,† Clash said. â€Å"And that’s a travesty for them, their families and the community at large. Clashed praised the efforts of District Attorney Seth Williams in embracing the findings and for attending the unveiling, along with district superintendent Dr. William Hite Sr. and other elected and appointed officials. Williams and Hite were both unavailable for comment as of Tribune press time. The report illustrates in great detail the correlation between the lack of education and criminality and the positive effects reaped wh en limited resources are properly utilized, vital when only 17. 6 per cent of eligible 3- and 4-year-olds have access to high-quality publicly funded pre-K programs throughout the commonwealth. The report also shows that Pennsylvania spends more than $2. 3 billion on incarceration, but only $340 million on early childhood education. â€Å"Law enforcement leaders across Pennsylvania want to make sure more Pennsylvania children receive high-quality care and education in their early years – the help they need to succeed in life and avoid later crime and violence,† read a portion of the findings. â€Å"Despite strong evidence that high-quality early education can reduce future corrections costs in Pennsylvania and nationally, spending on corrections far surpasses spending on early education. The report further shows that, of criminals labelled chronic offenders by the age of 2, 35 per cent of them did not attend or participate in preschool programs; conversely, only 7 per cent of those that did attend such a program went on to be considered chronic offenders. The report suggests several ways to cut off young criminal pipeline, including increasing the number of quality teachers, better funding for federal early care, Pre-K and head start programs, better implementation of the Child Care and Development Block grant and more school districts taking part in the federal â€Å"Race To The Top† program. The thing most criminals have in common is the lack of a high school education. Not everyone who doesn’t get a diploma commits a crime, but there are more likely to commit a crime and be incarcerated,† Clash said. â€Å"So we targeted early childhood, with 40 years of research showing us that if you reach at-risk and economically disadvantaged children, 44 per cent more were likely to graduate because they have a foundation to build on, develop, grow from and attain the skills they need in life. Clash said inroads are being made, citing the recent, multi-million dollar funding of the state’s â€Å"Pre-K Counts† program and the various Head start initiatives. Those two programs are funded through a series of line items in the state budget. â€Å"Both of these funding streams are used by the School District of Philadelphia and by hundreds of school districts throughout the state, and many other districts use their own money for these programs,† Clash said. Momentum continues to grow, but the problem is that only 17 per cent of all Pennsylvanian three- and four-year-olds receive publicly-funded, high-quality Pre-K programming. â€Å"And in Philadelphia, it’s a huge, unmet need, since 3,100 kids are at the poverty line do not have access to pre-K programs because they are on a wait list,† Clash continued. â€Å"So this report makes the case of why law enforcement is so concerned about getting access to pre-K young kids. Long-term arrests come down, and behaviourally, the data shows a reduction in early aggressive behaviour. †

Sustainable Sanitation And Water Management Environmental Sciences Essay

A determination support tool chest for practicians on the local degreeCompiled by Juri Lienert, adapted from Moriarty et al 2007: The EMPOWERS Approach to Water Governance: Guidelines, Methods and Tools. Moriaty et al 2007: The EMPOWERS Approach to Water Governance: Background and Key Concepts. Executive Summary EMPOWERS is a regional plan chiefly funded by the European Commission ‘s MEDA ( Mediterranean Regional Programme for Local Water Management ) Water Programme, working in Egypt, Jordan and West Bank and Gaza. The EMPOWERS Partnership aspiration is to better long-run entree and rights to H2O by vulnerable populations. It is making this through a participatory H2O planning and direction procedure with all stakeholders. The EMPOWERS attack aims to better H2O administration at the local degree of H2O users ( communities ) and at the intermediate degree of decentralized H2O directors and service suppliers in territories and governorates. The Guideline provided by EMPOWERS constitutes a practical and logical model of activities based on the engagement of those who use and manage H2O, which leads toward improved local H2O administration, and the development and execution of incorporate H2O development programs for towns, territories and small towns. Furthermore, the guideline advocate a coaction through duologue, to convey about a alteration in a manner that H2O direction professionals and H2O users work with each other ( Moriarty et al. 2007 ) .What is Water AdministrationIn peculiar, there has been a deficiency of practical tools and attacks to undertake H2O related jobs, particularly at the local and intermediate degrees where H2O service suppliers and H2O users interact. This is the challenge of H2O administration. At its simplest, H2O administration refers to the full set of systems that control determination doing with respect to H2O resource development and direction. In the linguistic communication of the Global Water Partnership ( GWP ) , H2O administration â€Å" relates to the scope of political, societal, economic and administrative systems that are in topographic point to develop and pull off H2O resources and the bringing of H2O services at different degrees of society † ( Rogers and Hall, 2003 ) . Apart from that, the apprehension of Water Governance of EMPOWERS particularly respects H2O related issues at the local degree. Thereby, EMPOWERS differs in their attack basically from a traditional apprehension of Water Management and Governance as a political matter.The EMPOWERS GuidelinesThe guidelines are divided into 5 chapters: Chapter 1 trades with improved H2O administration ( see above ) . It explains the operation of H2O administration and why it is of import to see local and intermediate H2O administration in the planning procedure. Furthermore the four chief properties of H2O administration are explained. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the attack of EMPOWERS, which was used to plan the guidelines. A model is provided to help the stakeholders to come to practical end products in the signifier of H2O development schemes, programs and activities and to improved communicating and determination devising. The attack is based on two pillars: the first is a procedure of stakeholder duologue and concerted action ( SDCA ) . Well informed stakeholders who communicate with each other on a regular footing will happen locally appropriate solutions to pressing H2O related jobs. Therefore the purpose is to beef up communicating and do stakeholder duologues more effectual. This can be realised through the designation of the cardinal stakeholders and whose engagement in a stakeholder platform. The 2nd pillar of the attack regards the direction rhythm itself, which contains of six stages, viz. visioning, measuring, strategising, planning, implementing and reflecting. The logic and sequencing of the rhyt hm aid to guarantee that determinations are based on a clear and logical flow of idea and action. Further inside informations of the direction rhythm can be seen in table 2. Chapter 3 trades with the debut to facilitation and capacity development. The development of capacity among stakeholders, in add-on to stakeholder duologue and the direction rhythm, is indispensable for the success of improved H2O administration. To procure a capacity development, stakeholders need to be advised in a first stage by a facilitation squad. The facilitation squad is in charge to maintain the stakeholders and their undertakings â€Å" on path † . The squad will be dwelling of experts with different backgrounds and accomplishments. Chapter 4 takes a closer expression to the direction rhythm, shown in table 2. The six stages are described in item and counsel for execution is provided, including a list of different tools and methods for each measure. In Chapter 5, these tools and methods can be found and explained in item. For every of the six stages recommended tools are presented, including aims of each stage, methods to make these aims and tipps and fast ones to ease the procedure. Applicability The focal point of the EMPOWERS attack is on participatory H2O administration at local ( community or small town ) and intermediate ( territory or governorate ) degree. The EMPOWERS Approach is chiefly used in the in-between E ; nevertheless construct can be applied in every state worldwide. The guideline of EMPOWERS has been tested within small towns and towns in Egypt, Jordan and Palestine with a population runing from a few 1000s to 30.00 dwellers. Yet it has non been tested in larger metropoliss or parts, nevertheless there is no ground that the attack would non be suited on a larger graduated table. The guideline is chiefly designed for usage in procedures of planning and duologue within and between local and intermediate degrees that is for undertakings affecting more than one small town or town. However, elements of the attack are appropriate for usage in stand-alone activities within a individual municipality. Advantages The attack focuses on the local and intermediate degree – in the field of incorporate H2O direction, such an attack of H2O administration can efficaciously associate up different degrees of H2O direction and can therefore near the spread of losing attacks for local and intermediate H2O direction. It is possible for little scale communities to be active in H2O direction. The attack addresses particularly stakeholders and their concerns to confront H2O related issues. A nucleus belief of the attack concerns the importance of cooperation and communicating at all degrees of involved stakeholders -this implies the coordination and cooperation of conjunct actions between communities, small towns, towns and governorates. The direction guidelines provide a really elaborate subdivision about methods and tools how to affect stakeholders and how to implement H2O direction programs. Single tools and methods can be used independently apart from a complete procedure of H2O administration sing all stages. Disadvantages The demand for a facilitation squad makes the procedure of H2O administration comparatively cost intensive. Due to the focal point on cooperation and stakeholder duologue, it can be hard to happen equal solutions with other stakeholder groups as a neighbour small town. Therefore actions should be approached on a larger graduated table than community degree. This leads to the demand of a higher fiscal capacity and a higher organizational demand.

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations Essay

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations - Essay Example It covers a wide spectrum of industrial activities such as collective bargaining, trade unionisms, and worker's participation in management, discipline and grievance management and industrial disputes and interpretation of labor laws. It, therefore, refers to the collective relationship between the employer and employees on a set of employment relationship. But researches conducted at various places across the world have concluded that the validity of industrial relations as a concept is going to decline in the near future because of the necessity of more recognition of employees at the work place by employers. The employee-employer relation in the 21st century is going to have a new outlook because of the increased need for the recognition of employees at the work place either voluntarily or by the contemplation of law. The relationship between employer and employee experienced in the past, coined as industrial relations has declined over the last few years by virtue of reasons such as change in working condition and approach of trade union. The research undertaken by CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development) in 2004-05 on the changing nature of employee relations in U K organizations reveal that "Union membership and traditional union-related personnel management work has declined enormously in the last 30 years, with no prospect of a sustained re-emergence, though the re-regulation of employment and the new Employee Information and Consultation Regulations are pushing employee relations back up the management agenda"Rationale for change in the outlook The reasons for the modern perspective of employee relationship are manifold. Over the past 20 years there have been many amendments in the employment legislations, change in the methods of selection, recruitment, training, remuneration, working condition, consultation etc. All these factors have contributed to a shift from industrial relations to employee relations. Also shift in the trade union image from the earlier industrial conflict has also helped in creating and maintaining a harmonious relationship with employers which opened up opportunities for greater involvement of employees. Another factor which caused a change in the treatment of employees by employer is the changing attitude of present day employees. The modern employees and employers have a psychological contract, which implies the unwritten perceptions of the employment relationship and the degree of trust, motivation and commitment involved. Employee Relation Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale. This approach towards the employees in a changing working environment should not be conventional nor is it adversely affects the employee performance. Modern employers unanimously agree with employee relations, although a few have different opinion. The new approach from employer perspective can be justified by the following: 1. Employee attitude and commitment are strongly associated with employee performance 2. Employee involvement and consultation appear to be more strongly associated with employee satisfaction 3. The ideal mechanism to be used for employee voice includes two-way communications, project teams and joint consultation through electronic

Are Science and Religion in Conflict Research Paper - 1

Are Science and Religion in Conflict - Research Paper Example Many are the times when religion has various inconsistencies with science. While some people are alight with religion, some do not find this route appealing. As a matter of fact, there have been various debates that try to bring religion and science together. Many parties have come up with strong points that are aimed to settle the differences (Draper, 2010). However, not a single party is willing to water down their stand. As such, they have been in constant opposition as to which has a legitimate stand. Consequentially, some people are torn in between as they come to terms with issues raised by both sides of the divide. Most people only focus on the positive attributes of the two sides. As such, they do not have a concrete decision to fully settle for either religion or science. For these reasons, this paper answers the question as to whether there is a conflict between religion and science. Religion is based on religious practices and beliefs which are taught in defined settings a nd contained in various literature. Religious norms state that their followers have to uphold utmost faith in their beliefs. As such, they are to follow religious teachings and values at all times. One of the most outstanding issues in religion is that God is the creator of everything. Since He is the supreme creator, human beings have no legitimacy to compare themselves to the Supreme Being. In this case, humans have no reason to compare themselves to the Almighty through His mysterious ways (Radcliffe, 2012). The point is that religious fraternities are not in agreement with scientific innovations with scientists trying to compare their creations with those of the Almighty. The most outstanding example in this case is cloning. Science has made it possible for humans to create other humans through cloning, which is a scientific way of breeding humans through science. This is unacceptable to many religions as followers consider this to be mimicking their Creator. As a matter of fact , they consider the Almighty as a steadfast priority and should not be compared to anything else that exists or ever existed (Draper, 2010). For a human being to glorify cloning is ridicule to God as stated by the religious fraternities. Therefore, according to religious groups, the numerous scientific innovations are ill advised and should not try to compare their innovations with God’s creations. This has been a heated point of argument as scientists advance on their innovation in total disregard of the sentiments from the religious people. On the other hand, scientists state that there is no point of concern with their innovations in regard to cloning. In fact, some scientists state that the Almighty gave humans the brain as well as the right to fill the earth. As such, they are enhancing the Almighty’s task to multiply the human population and fill the earth. Since this is a strong point, scientists feel that they have an obligation to increase the human population in an easier and scientific way. Consequentially, religious fraternities state that this is not the intended approach to multiplication of the human kind. They state that the Almighty intended for the natural way of multiplying human beings. As such, these religious fraternities are totally against cloning of human beings. This creates a serious drift between the two parties as each tries to justify their opinions and approaches (Bury, 2010). Since they all have their supporting points and references, they seem to be in conflict. Apparently, this conflict seems to intensify with each development and cannot be solved on a round table agreement. Conflict arises between religion and science especially when there is such a profound contention. As a matter of fact, religious groups have one thing in common, which is their beliefs and faith in a superior being (Dennett & Plantinga, 2010). Therefore, all the people that interact with the religious groups will have to assert their beliefs

Macbeth Act 5 Scene 5 lines 17-51. How does this extract reflect the Essay

Macbeth Act 5 Scene 5 lines 17-51. How does this extract reflect the development of Macbeth's character Link this extract with the rest of the play - Essay Example After all, the witches had told him that â€Å"none of woman born shall harm Macbeth† (Act IV, scene 5, l. 80) and that â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until/Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill/Shall come against him† (ll. 91-93). In Act V, Scene 5, however, the unthinkable happens as Birnam wood comes to Dunsinane, heralding the downfall of Macbeth. Act V, scene 5 is, as may have been deduced from the introductory paragraph, the turning point of the play, that one scene where everything comes to a head. At the outset of the scene, Macbeth orders his men to hang his banners on the castle walls, confidently expressing conviction in his own immunity, his invincibility. The castle will hold and he will not be harmed, not only because the wood can never come to the hill but because no mortal, no man of woman born, has the power to harm him. At the height of his confidence in his own immortality, however, he learns of Lady Macbeth’s death. Reality is trying to break into Macbeth’s delusions and illusions but he staves it off and, in his own way, escapes confrontation with the reality of his wife’s death: Macbeth is not acting as unfeelingly to his wife’s death as these lines would suggest. Instead, as he stands at a crossroads between mortality and immortality (will he die or will his interpretation of the prophecy prove true) he rejects the thought of immortality, of the inevitability of death. Added to that, with what he is confronting at the moment, he cannot, at the psychological and emotional levels, deal with his wife’s death. Macbeth, as evident in the two lines quoted in the preceding – in his reaction to his wife’s death, has changed. Earlier in the play, he was seemingly entirely dependant on Lady Macbeth, it was her ambition which drove him to action, and her words which mapped out the nature of his acts. He

Effective Assessment Strategy Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9750 words

Effective Assessment Strategy - Dissertation Example nt of the new learner's linguistic proficiency level and in the subsequent placing of these learners in a class which corresponds to their level (Gottlieb, 2006). As a pre-entry level to basic ESOL tutor, I can confirm the imperatives of accurate assessment of individual learner levels. While conceding to the fact that differentiations in linguistic proficiency, areas of weakness, strengths and capacity to assimilate exist between any two learners, the tutor's capacity to design an effective Group Learning Plan (GLP), is largely dependant on the accuracy of the assessment tests. Quite simply stated, should assessment be inaccurate, resulting in some learners being placed in a higher level, they will not be able to follow the GLP and may not comprehend the tutor's in-class explanations and instructions. Samway (2006) confirms this last point and provides confirmatory empirical evidence which effectively illustrates that should initial assessment tests erroneously place ESOL students in a higher level, the student in question, not having the requisite linguistic proficiency skills to assimilate lectures and discussions or to comprehend the assig ned reading material, will simply not benefit. Consequently, it is absolutely imperative that initial assessment tests accurately reflect the new students linguistic and numeracy skill level. Bearing the import of initial assessment in mind, this research aims to determine whether or not Carshalton College, where I work, has an effective assessment strategy and constructively exploits assessment to promote the government's widening participation objective. In order to fulfil the above articulated objective, the research shall undertake the critical analysis and examination of a number of pertinent and interrelated issues.... In 1999, a committee chaired by Sir Claus Moser, investigated the linguistic, reading, writing, and maths skills’ deficiencies which confront numerous adults in England. The committee, publishing its findings in a report entitled Fresh Start, clarified all of the scope, extent and range of the problem and, more importantly, sought the identification of the means and ways by which this problem may be confronted. Among the report’s key findings were: †¢ Approximately 7 million adults across England do not have the reading, writing and English language skills of an 11 year old and an even greater number lacked basic maths skills (A Fresh Start, 1999). †¢ Approximately half a million adults across England, referred to as ESOL learners, have difficulties comprehending and speaking English because it is not their first language (A Fresh Start, 1999). †¢ People with lower levels of linguistic, numeracy and literacy skills tend to be unemployed or, if employed, earn very low incomes. More importantly, their opportunities for improving their livelihood are severely limited by their linguistic, numeracy and literacy skills (A Fresh Start, 1999). †¢ People with lower levels of linguistic, numeracy and literacy skills are vulnerable to ill-health and mental problems. In addition, they are socially marginalised (A Fresh Start, 1999). The government responded to the Moser report through the articulation of a national strategy whose key goal was the extension of the requisite help for adults who needed to improve their English language, reading, writing and maths skills was launched.

Advance project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advance project management - Essay Example There have been billion dollar resources, media infiltration in addition to celebrity supports, all in excess of what may possibly be illustrated as the effervescent water, by way of flavoring in addition to coloring. Nevertheless this list is not in excess of the product, however above the brand name. The reflection, the links, in addition to the standards that the brand corresponds to. As and when the customers tend to decide a well-known soft drink, they are not simply purchasing the element of refreshment, they are trading into the brand's individuality, in addition to what that brand signifies for. It was during the mid 0f 1990s that Diet Pepsi launched one of those refreshers within its artificial sweetener. In addition to that the market share set out up from an average 4.3 percent to an approximate 7 percent , towards the South of the boundary, Pepsi-Cola US was bundling up all their efforts , energy and creativeness up to inaugurate a new-fangled Diet Pepsi brand, Pepsi One. If Pepsi-Cola around the globe could not perk up the Diet Pepsi Cola business, they would have had to seize the costly stride of introducing Pepsi One. Coming face to face with this challenge, the Pepsi cola brand squad was stimulated to position a David in opposition to Goliath intention. This implied them to turn into the number one diet cola brand within the past few years. Not straightforward, at all. Pepsi Cola went ahead towards toiling to comprehend what may conceivably be giving life to the point of brand stagnation. While doing so, there had been more than a few viewpoints that were demystified. On the other hand, Pepsi-Cola around the globe has established a lot many times that they are capable of looking after their brands. Pepsi cola along with this had been assuming that Diet Pepsi, in addition to being a very well maintained as well as grown-up brand name, may perhaps position on its own grounds by way of its individual descriptions, looking all the more interesting to the more old-fashioned diet cola drinkers. Moreover, Pepsi cola had not been wrong in judging some major factions of the above expressions and statements. Whenever the consumers were requested to attribute brand distinctiveness to the Diet Pepsi, the customers resorted time and time again to expressions that explained Regular Pepsi. These similes had been weaseled to be able to be a focus for the youthful, open intellect Pepsi drinker moreover this was perceptibly quite attractive to the target market .at the same time as this was an acknowledgment to the efficiency of the customary Pepsi's advertising, it fashioned a genuine matter for Diet Pepsi (Vasconcellos, 2007, pg 218). There had been two foundations from which a relocated Diet Pepsi may perhaps resource the sales volume. The most significant was the Pepsi Transistioners, regular Pepsi drinkers on the verge of changing to a diet Pepsi cola. The additional was a subdivision of Diet Pepsi drinkers who felt less associated to the conventionality of the Diet carbonated drinks world. Pepsi put these objectives beneath the magnifying glass. Pepsi cola on the entirety of it had the demographic outline of consumers majorly in between the age of 20 to 40 year olds, although the consumers furthermore collectively were going through comparable modifications within their everyday lives. Despite the fact that Pepsi colas board acknowledged as well as established this growing, they in addition encompassed a common sense of failure. The

Enviromental Science - Video Answers Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enviromental Science - Video Answers - Lab Report Example perceived obsolescence are real, this is because people keep shopping and consuming materials and, of these ninety nine percent becomes trash within six months. New and more fashionable materials are continuously produced for example, shoes and clothes which keep changing in designs. Recycling has not been enough in saving the situation since it’s impossible to recycle a hundred percent of waste. Some products are not designed for recycling for example, juice packs and products containing too many toxic substances. The linear system can be changed to a new system through sustainability, equity, green chemistry, zero waste, closed loop production and local living economies for a more resourceful society. The United States Government will be more concerned in working for and with the people, natural forests will be regained and waterways made drinkable. The consumption of world resources will be reduced hence overall waste reduction. The United States economy’s goal will change from producing more consumer goods and focus on investing in education, healthcare, safe transportation, sustainability and justice. Producers can opt to produce materials that will not easily lose value and that are recyclable. This way extraction of natural resources, consumer goods production, distribution, consumption and disposal will be reduced. Consumers have potential to most influence the system since they can choose to retain and recycle what they purchase. Corporations which make up most of the large economies worldwide have most say in how the â€Å"Materials Economy† system runs. Third world economies are highly affected by this system through a lot of pollution, very low income and places that are difficult to live in. Consumers are also forced to work a lot of hours, meaning less leisure time and this makes them very unhappy with their

Sleepy in Motel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sleepy in Motel - Case Study Example area; (2) no advertisement; (3) no recreational facilities; and (4) does not scan his environment to adapt and adjust to the demands of the target market. The objective of Mr. Huang is to increase occupancy rate, increase productivity and still maintain some independence. To achieve this, after identifying the root causes of the decrease in occupancy, Mr. Huang can address the problem by targeting the root causes, to wit: The location of Sleepy Inn Motel is just near the interstate highway with only two large promotional signs provided by the Tourist Bureau. In this regard, Mr. Huang must strategically place promotional signs indicating his best features and amenities (low price, clean, with new recreational facilities). Since the survey indicated that 78% of the visitors consider recreational facilities as important in their choice of accommodations, Mr. Huang must invest in providing recreation for visitors. He can survey cost effective sources of recreation which can increase revenues and not substantially increase expenses associated with maintenance of the recreational facilities. Scanning the environment requires taking into account the marketing strategies employed by his competitors within the area. He can offer the best price but without the needed amenities required by the visitors, he cannot compete. Actively promoting his service through local print and billboards will assist in making vi sitors aware of his location and what he is offering. In doing so, he can also adjust his price per day to a more competitive price to support the improvements he should do. By affiliating with either of the Daily Inn or Holiday Inn, Mr. Huang would definitely increase both occupancy rate and productivity but would not maintain independence. His operations would somehow be dictated by the terms that would be stipulated by the national motels. After evaluating the facts, Mr. Huang would be better off affiliating with Daily Inn because of the following factors: no

PROJECT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PROJECT 1 - Essay Example The use of the mobile phone for the group was advanced to the extent that they knew how to download music from online sites, but the usage had not been used to improve levels of literacy considerably. The researchers reported the use of mobile phones as exceptionally advanced for the group, and therefore a channel that promoted levels of literacy. The researchers emphasized the role that the use of mobile phones played in the social lives of the people living in the remote community, and went further to maintain that the usage was core to the levels of literacy attained. The ideas used to support the arguments include that the exchange between the mother and the child showed considerably developed uses of the phone as a tool for fostering literacy among the members of the community. 2. Connolly, T. M., Boyle, E. A., MacArthur, E., Hainey, T., & Boyle, J. M. (2012). A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games. Computers &Education, 59(2), 661–686. The analysis of the findings and the context reported from the 129 studies showed that exposure to computer games improved some skills, including those that were important to the learning of students. The skill areas reported to benefit from playing games included cognitive, perceptual; affective and also the learner’s levels of motivation for learning. The study revealed that the positive effects of playing digital games is widespread, therefore an area that calls for the exploration of the relationship further, so that it can be used to foster learning. The authors emphasized the importance of digital games in the learning of the students aged 14 and higher, by pointing out that it affected a variety of the skill areas that foster or limit learning. In conclusion, the position taken about the materials was that more study is needed, so as to

Interviewed Couple Essay Example for Free

Interviewed Couple Essay The family is regarded as the basic unit of society and as such, good parenting is important in order to strengthen the family as an institution. Nevertheless, the situation of every family is different. There are important factors such as age, cultural, background, financial stability, etc. that must be carefully considered in assessing the parenting style in every family. Being the case, it is necessary that the situation of families are given due importance and the most effective way to be able to understand parenting styles is through the face-to-face interaction with parents. In relation to this, Henry and Tanya Pietrkowski were interviewed when it comes to parenting their daughter, Sophia. The interviewees are Henry and Tanya Pietrkowski who are the parents of a 14 years old teenager. The first part of the interview is about the family background of the couple that involves their respective ethnicity and religion. Tanya has a German-Jewish and Russian Jewish ethnicity. She pointed out that there was a conflict between the German and Russian sides of her family. She grew up in a small town Georgia wherein Jews are regarded as a minority. On the other hand, Henry came from a family of first-generation American Jewish. His parents emigrated from Poland and were Holocaust survivors. Henry grew up in the north side of Chicago. In this part of the interview, the ethnicity and religious background of the couple is given importance because the place and way by which they grew up have a substantial effect in their corresponding beliefs and values about parenting (McDermott 4). In addition, through the conversation of the interviewer with the couple it was established that their ancestors were immigrants from other countries and regarded as a minority in the American society. Tanya even explicitly stated that she experienced living in a small town in Georgia wherein Jews are a minority. In terms of parenting, the cultural background of the parents is important, especially when it comes to dealing with teachers that will be responsible in educating their children. The parents and the teachers should be able to understand each other in terms of cultural context in order for them to properly guide the education and behavior of the child (McDermott 4). The interview with the couple also gives emphasis with the respective lessons that they learn from their parents regarding parenting. The couple explained that their parents veered away from the parenting styles of their grandparents because the latter experienced a very difficult childhood, which is why in the case of Tanya, her parents chose to live in Georgia so that she will not experience the difficulties that they went through. Both the parents of the couple are disciplinarians. Nevertheless, they were still able to maximize their skills and talents even though their parents are not financial stable. Tanya’s father was an art professor, which make it easier for her to develop her singing, running, debating, and other skills because her father provided her with private lessons with his colleagues in the academe. Tanya’s father exemplified the ability of parents to give the necessary their children by means of supporting their interests, which eventually served as a huge help in maximizing their potentials as individuals (Heath 316). Unfortunately, Tanya admitted that her parents were not able to address the issues that they have during their childhood, which makes it difficult for them to instill the necessary values to her and her brother. Furthermore, Tanya and her mother also have disagreements on the way Tanya raised her daughter, especially when it comes to financial matters and the values that she teach her daughter. The problem of Tanya’s parents in teaching values to their children is brought about by unresolved childhood issues, which is discussed by Erik Erikson in the stages of development. Tanya’s parents were not able to properly go through the different stages of development, which is why their unresolved childhood issues still affects their parenting style (Elkind 9). Moreover, the disagreement between Tanya and her mother is also caused by the failure of the mother to properly develop into an adult that has the necessary financial stability and value fulfillment (Newman and Newman 317). The second part of the interview involves the conversation about the marriage of the couple and their decision to conceive a child. Based on the answer of the couple, they were only 13 months married when Tanya became pregnant. The couple already acknowledges the idea that they will become parents but they did not expect that it will happen very soon. However, even though the child came very early in their marriage the couple was able to fulfill their respective dreams of being married first and having a stable job before having a baby. In this situation, the couple was individually fulfilled before having a baby, which is essential in their growth process as adults and eventually has a good effect in their parenting (Simon and Lambert 91). The last part of the interview is about the parenting of the couple. It is clearly observable that the couple also wants the best for their daughter, in terms of her living a better life as compared to them. The couple has their own parenting style that is different from their parents because their experienced taught them their parents lack the necessary tending in the way they were raised (Taylor 34). Moreover, the couple also moved to a part of Chicago that has Jewish community in order for their daughter not to feel isolated. They also enrolled their daughter to a Jewish school in order for her to have a strong Jewish faith unlike them. The couple admitted that they do not have any specific parenting style for their daughter wherein they did not establish any parenting roles of rules that their daughter need to follow. The couple just goes with the flow of parenting but they believed that they were able to raise their children well because they listen to her, which is important in parenting. The couple advised other parents that the right way of parenting is by trusting one’s instinct, which is actually true in the most current studies that there is â€Å"no single recipe for successful parenting† because every family have different issues, backgrounds, beliefs, and values that must be considered in identifying the right parenting style (Maccoby 451).

Analysis of using controlled slow cooling

Analysis of using controlled slow cooling To get the reproducible outcomes in biomedical research, genetic stability is essential and it is achieved via cryopreservation technique. Technique of cryopreservation involves the preservation of viable cells, living tissues, gametes, embryos, organs and also some organisms on cooling at low sub-zero temperatures, characteristically at -196Â °C for a prolonged time to implement the applications of these biological materials over biomedicine, conservation and animal reproduction (Mazur., 1970). Long time storage is achieved by using this technique (Pereira and Marques., 2008).The cryopreservation technique is carried out in two different ways: Vitrification and 2. Controlled slow cooling (Frederickson., 2000). To proceed with these two protocols, several steps need to be taken and also we must look its advantages and limitations. Alteration in temperature induces main two damages Freezing injury and chilling injury and these injuries are reduced greatly by using the cryoprotectant. Detailed analysis of these and its role in both vitrification and slow cooling techniques is described below (Fuller et al., 2004). TWO APPROACHES OF CRYOPRESERVATION: VITRIFICATION: Preservation of biological materials under hypothermic condition with devoid of freezing is called as vitrification (Rall, W. F. and Fahy., 1985). Vitrification induce glassy formation instead of formation of ice crystal, thus it is not causing essential damage to the living system (Fuller et al., 2004). SLOW COOLING: Preserving cells from room temperature upto the temperature of liquid nitrogen is called as slow cooling. Damage associated with this are reduced using cryoprotectant (Gao and Critse., 2004 and Guan et al., 2008). MAJOR DAMAGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS TECHNIQUE: During cryopreservation, major injury that induces damage to the cell survival is: Freezing injury Chilling injury. (Gao and Critser., (2000). FREEZING INJURY: with the significant preservation at hypothermic temperature, water becomes solidify and it causes the cell damage, even to unviability. (Fuller et al., 2004). Freezing injury TZ p3 This diagram is reproduced from the material belongs to (Ashwood-Smith and Farrant., 1980). At high rate of freezing, ice nucleation provokes. Most cells has thermodynamic freezing point above -0.5Â °C. But the freezing of cell developed only after reaching 5Â °C. Unfrozen state of cell and its environment occurs due to the protective solutes super cooling and freezing point depression. External medium impulsively induce ice seeding formation between 5Â °C and 15Â °C, but composition of cell persist in a super cooled and unfrozen state. Extracellular solution remains in unfrozen fraction and that influences the ice formation in external medium. Concentration of solute in extracellular solution rises in respect to the decrease in temperature. So, ice formation developed and encourages probable imbalance between the cell and external solution. Water present inside the cell is in super cooled state than extracellular region; due to the potential imbalance, water migrates to extra cellular region and freezes. Entire event of cell relays over the cooling. Decrease in cool ing induces the dehydration of cell and the intracellular freezing is prohibited. Rapid cooling induces intracellular ice formation as a result of rapid decrease in extra cellular solution than the water diffusing out from the cell. Ice formation inside the cell is certainly lethal (Fuller et al., 2004). INTRACELLULAR ICE NUCLEATION: Homogenous nucleation, seeding by extracellular ice and heterogeneous nucleation are the possible ways IIF. When the rate of cooling decreases, electrolytes concentration on freezing relate to unfrozen section of water. It is classified into intra and extracellular electrolytes. CELL VOLUME DECREASE: Volume decrease whilst freezing induces injury to cells by minor tonicity solution. Decrease in cell volume whilst freezing concerns cell damage. DEHYDRATION THEORIES (Meryman): Inability of cell to shrink osmotically below perspective level whilst it tries to reaches osmotic equilibrium. This is called as minimum volume hypothesis over damage of slow-freezing. CHILLING INJURY: Different cell type reaches damage upon cooling around 0 Â °C without freezing, i.e without ice formation. Damage occurs irreversibly on chilling temperature. If this happens in sperm cells, it is termed as temperature shock. Direct and indirect chilling injuries are the major two categories of chilling injury. These injuries are expressed upon lower temperature and it is termed as cold shock. It depends over the rate of cooling. Indirect chilling injury occurs on exposure to reduced temperature for a prolonged time and it is independent of rate of cooling. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish cold shock and indirect chilling injury (Fuller et al., 2004). TZ p2 The above plot is reproduced from the material belongs to (Muldrew et al., 2004). COLD SHOCK: Cells become sensitive to cold shock as it rapidly cooled at low temperature for long time. Viability of cell and its severity of injury are relays over the rapid or slow cooling. Also this cold shock s not depends on warming rate but it depends on rate and duration of cooling (Tsai et al., 2009). Membrane permeability is injured upon rapid cooling and chance of reversibility is available for some cases. Addition of specific compounds and cell former cooling condition influences the response of cell. Thermotropic activity of lipid membrane is suspected to identify the injury due to cold shock. Lipid phase transitions of cell membrane influence the injury of cold shock in many species. INDIRECT CHILLING INJURY: Long exposure of biological materials at low temperature causes indirect chilling injury and this injury is cooling rate independent. Lipids and proteins are changed by means of its activity and structure. Eg: changes in enzyme activity and protein denaturation. Also the metabolic pathway and enzyme linked reactions face some alterations as the co-ordination is decreased according to the decrease in temperature rate (Fuller et al., 2004). ROLE OF CRYOPROTECTANT: Cryoprotectant enhances the dehydration process formerly formation of external ice. The activity of water is greatly reduced during the lack of water loss. By reducing the effect of salts, it acts as a protective influence on structure of the cell. Freezing protocol progression needs consistent method to detect the cell viability (Fuller et al., 2004). Cryopretectant may be a chemical additive that is added to the solution before freezing to ensure the high survival rate after post thawing. Role of cryoprotectant is to support and protect the survival of biological material upon cooling to hypothermic temperature for long duration of time. Property of an effective cryoprotectant is high solubility with decreased toxicity. Cryoprotectant can be classified according to chemical class and mode of action. Each categorized cryoprotectant plays a vital role upon thawing and cooling. Freezing point depression is promoted by permeating cryoprotectant due to the presence of electrolytes. Non-permeating cryoprotectant promotes decreased formation of ice crystal upon freezing by prior dehydration of biological material. Reduced deviation of volumes and solutes damage concentration is enhanced by the cryoprotectant. Eg: DMSO (Fuller et al., 2004). Cell protection is also achieved by fluctuating formation of ice crystal into harmless shape and size during thawing and freezing. It is necessary to look the toxicity of cryoprotectant over cells and its permeability. High concentration of cryoprotectant itself injured. Direct exposure of cryoprotectant with membranes and proteins induce ionic pumps disruption over trans membrane and also causes enzyme inactivation. But more amount of cryoprotectant in vitrification ensures viscous and amorphous medium. The possible approach to overcome this problem is achieved by using mixture of cryoprotectant at definite concentration (Tsai et al., 2008 and Fuller et al., 2004). SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES OF VITRFICATION AND CONTROLLED SLOW COOLING: -ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTEGES: Effective vitrification demands enormous sample cooling and solute with high concentration with combination of cryoprotectant (Bielanski, and Lalonde., 2009). Successful vitrification was enhanced in 1985 to cryopreserve the mouse embryo and this technique is also effectively applied to preserve the blood cells, tissues, embryo and oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster, Asparagus officinalis plant as well as embryos of numerous mammalians. Cryopreservation of mammalian system report entails the success achieved through the technique of controlled freezing. However in the case of fruit fly, vitrification occupies a success where the controlled freezing failed. Efficient vitrification technique relays on an optimization of some specific steps that includes appropriate composition and concentration of provided vitrification solution with specific cooling/warming environments. Also this technique induces equilibration of living cells present and to dilute the cells present in the vitrification solution (Fuller et al., 2004). A series course of freezing and warming of bovine in-vitro matured, fertilized and cultured blastocysts using electron microscope (EM) grids (A-F) ( Reproduced from park et al., 1999) The use of slow cooling includes several ranges of rates of cooling when we compared vitrification with rapid and ultra rapid cooling. The ultimate goal of both techniques is to produce a glass like state of cells to prevent the damage caused by formation of ice crystal upon cooling (El-Danasouri, and Selman., 2005). At first, vitrification procedure involves lengthy pre-equilibrium procedure. Currently, combination of penetrating and non-penetrating solutes is used with non-toxic property with several ranges of cooling rates. Both the technique result in successful cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes of humans (Borini, and Coticchio., 2009). Even these procedures resulted good, slow cooling technique applied for cryopreservation of oocytes shows very less successive rates when compared to vitrification. Vitrification acts as a promising technique in many areas in reproductive technology, even though its positive rates need to establish further. Vitrification is an easy procedure and that consumes less time duration. Also this vitrification technique is safer and cheaper when compared to control slow cooling. ( Kuleshova, L.L. and Lopata, A., 2002). Cryopreservation of cell faces relative damage due to cooling and thawing. Mostly damage occurs whilst storing the cells at hypothermic conditions. Maintaining healthier cells for further use are very essential and we need to prevent it from genetic drift and contamination. To stop the biological action of the cell and to maintain that in its preserved state is the role of cryostorage. In fluid system, molecular motion is achieved via temperature (Fuller et al., 2004). The molecular motion get reduce according to the decrease in temperature. Biological species are designed to be viable and active at maximal temperature but it lost its activity at hypothermic condition. At that instance, lipid phase transition, structural and enzymatic damage and de-polymerization occurs (Kiefer et al., 2005). Major damaging phenomenon upon cooling are: Intracellular ice crystallisation and osmotic damage. Chilling sensitivity or cold shock leads the cell to death at the temperature below 0Â °C. These effects differ from one cell type to another. Bacteria and some viruses can sustain in 60 degree but the holding temperature for most of the biological sample is below -130Â °C (Fuller et al., 2004). Conventional cryopreservation method is established to overcome the formation of ice whilst cooling. Formation of ice crystals are avoided by vitrification via its usage of concentrated solution and rapid cooling. This vitrification method contains a potential advantage as it is rapid and this technique does not require rate cooling equipment. Vitrification results in good survival rate of preserved oocytes and embryos. Cryopreservation widely applicable to retain genetic resources and protect the endemic species (Tsai et al., 2010). Vitrification acts as an alternative method to slow cooling. This provides higher survival of pregnancy range and embryo viability. This vitrification acts as a suitable procedure in infertility clinics. In this, cryopreservation of numerous embryos is maintained within short period and thus it acts as a simple method. Still, less number of controlled studies and childbirths are concerned over vitrification technique. Multiple pregnancy risk associated w ith freezing using controlled slow cooling is restricted using vitrification. Also it works with high efficacy (Kuc et al., 2010 and Trounson and Mohr.,1983). Vitrification acts as an attractive cryopreservation method when compared with controlled slow cooling technique. In contrast to slow cooling method, this vitrification technique is precise and in this each and every step is visualized. Vitrification reduces the time duration of exposure to sub-physiological environments. It requires only less than 10 minutes carrying out while slow cooling takes nearly two hours. Vitrification is simpler and it does not need costly programmable freezing equipment. In some cases, chilling injury also prevented by vitrification (Fuller et al., 2004). Needle immersed vitrification requires less concentrated and minimum volume of vtrification solution. Maximize cooling rate, reduce toxicity of vitrification solution with low volume of less concentration cryopreservation. In vitrification, upon freezing, only numerous ice crystals are formed and so less mechanical disruption results by ice crystal (Wang et al., 2008). Vitrification technique is accompanied without the withdrawal of more amount of water. So, less chemical damage only exist. But the chemical damage due to cryoprotectant is a complicated matter. ( long). Common variation held between vitrification and controlled slow freezing is due to the numerous additions of cryoprotectants. Implementation of maximum equilibration condition and dilution are expected from the vitrification media. It is necessary to use low toxic agents in the vitrification solution. To achieve an efficient vitrification, formulation of 2 things over the vitrification technique are essential. 1. physicochemical properties : Concentrated vitrification solution induce glassy solid formation and it helps to devoid of crystallization whilst cooling. 2. cyoprotectant: using low toxic cryoprotectant with an intrinsic permeability. Vitrification protects the cell from ice formation while cryopreservation.Both the vitrification and slow cooling are used to preserve human oocytes (Fuller et al., 2004). In case of human ES cell cryopreservation, improved efficiency is noted in vitrification than in traditional cryopreservation (Zhou et al. 2004 and Peng-Fei et al., 2006). Analysis of colonies after vitrification yields rapid growth and differentiation when compared with slow freezing technique. Vitrification acts as a promising approach to cryopreserve the multi cellular tissue. Even, vitrification achieved certain merits; it is associated with several problems. In the state of vitrified, glass is susceptible to cracking. Care is essential on warming to neglect the formation of ice. Heat transfer rate occurring during vitrification process may vary depends on device.Vitrification include the rapid cooling protocol and it is difficult to maintain at certain temperature with the available equipment. Very rapid and even rewarming requires avoid of devitrification. During slow cooling, increase solute concentration to glass transition needs while prevent by cooling slow enough to allow the cells to dehydrate to protect intracellular supercooling (Youssry et al., 2008). Vitrification requires higher and potentially cytotoxic concentration of cryoprotective agents for one hour before its immersion into liquid nitrogen at specific temperature. To reduce its toxicity, pre equilibrium performed at 4Â °C. It allows the direct visualizaton of cell by the operator (El-Danasouri, and Selman., 2005) Eventhough this vitrification entails with meritful approaches, this technique still been experimental. Also, it requires more additives to reach and it is potentially cytotoxic. This technique highly depends on operator. Timing takes to cover all the steps and it is critical. In contrast to slow freezing, this vitrification needs enough level of training. If the vitrified solution stars to devitrify, (crystalise into ice), viability will be lost. This happens when thawing or extended time of storage persists (Fuller et al., 2004). Viability of vitrified samples is not certain for lengthy period of time but in case of slow cooling, preserved cells can be viable for many years, even to thousands of years. Direct exposure of cryogen can be achieved by fast cooling. As it is so, this process may carry possible contamination of organism from the liquid nitrogen. So, this process cannot be applicable for therapeutic cells. Vitrification technique is applied only to cooled cell suspensions in minor quantities. This method is not projected to apply in large quantities like cryovials, matrix tubes, bags, microtitre plates etc. Quality control measurement via this vitrification technique is made to be impossible as we need to take experiments for all straws. (Fahy et al., 2004) Usually the slow cooling procedure is used in infertility centers. But it is associated with documented limitations. Also sometimes, it damages sensitive parts of the cell ( eg- zona pellucida) and it induce biological changes. Because of these changes, we will get a depleted outcomes. To overcome this, Modifying cryopreservation procedure is attained- freezing and thawing by polymers. This also enhanced with changing the time duration of the cooling protocol and it is looked as same as the path to simplify and fast up cryobanking procedures to get beneficial results. As the vitrification technique connected with some problems, it acts as a challenging technique for reproductive medicine. The slow freezing technique serves as an effective method for humans too (Mandelbaum, J., 2000). An alternative method for cryopreservation was developed and it is called as vitrification. Comparative study has been taken between controlled slow cooling and vitrification techniques with patients undertaking controlled ovarian stimulation in GnRH agonist to determine efficacy. The rate of pregnancy after vitrification reveals more than higher successive rate than result achieved via slow cooling. Efficacy of vitrification yields (50.4%), and slow cooling results in (25.9%) successive rates.Human ovarian tissue also cryopreserved (Noriko et al 2009) Both cryopreservation as well as cryostorage contains budding advantages, especially in invitro fertilization. Ultimate goal of cryopreservation is to achieve maximum persistence rate and sustainability of biological system after thawing. In slow cooling procedure, clinically satisfactory result has not been attained. Slow cooling procedure needs costly equipment and also it is time consuming. One of a significant advantage of vitrification process is its tendency to form any ice crystals during both cooling and warming. In contrast, its limitation held in toxic effects due to addition of cryoprotectants and contamination via liquid nitrogen. In slow cooling technique, toxicity of cryoprotectant is relatively less. But many research outcomes supports the vitrification process rather than slow cooling in fertility treatment(Tsai et al., 2010). Blastocyst cells can be preserved by both the cryopreservation techniques. Among these, vitrification promotes increasing chance for future development. A reliable advancement is needed for vitrification to enhance the preservation of supernumerary blastocysts. Unsatisfactory results have been produced for the blastocyst preservation through slow freezing method. Vitrification acts as an alternative principle which is allied with capability of inducing more pregnancy rate and increased survival of embryo upon cryopreservation (Trounson and Mohr ., 1983 and Fuller et al., 2004). CONCLUSION: Approach taken by Kolibianakis et al results in the comparative analysis of both vitrification and controlled slow cooling. And its outcome provides similar results are given by both of these techniques. But comparatively, post thawing survival frequency is better in vitrification than slow cooling. Finally, they suggested that the there is no link between the vitrification process in giving high rate of pregnancy but it displays the successful post thawing survival both in the cleavage stage and in the blastocyst stage (Youssry et al., 2008 and Porcu et al 2000). According to Balaban et al survival rate of human 3 day embryo preservation reported the percentage of survival rate by vitrication as 94.8% whereas slow cooling provides 88.7%. (Kuc et al., 2010). Vitrification study over the embryo in cleavage stage testified 80% of survival rate and 22-35% of pregnancy rate. These results are more significant than the slow cooling procedure. Although the two main approaches of cryopreser vation contains signficant results, Vitrification gains more positive outcomes. Even in both the cases, limitations persist. All of its limitations can be always overcome by its positive side.

How Is Water Scarcity Affecting Algeria Environmental Sciences Essay

How Is Water Scarcity Affecting Algeria Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, all over the world one from two people has no access to drinking water and one from two people does not benefit connection to a sewerage system. Blue Gold plays a vital role in global warming and other phenomenon that is increasingly importance and which poses a problem in the management of water resources. Water shortages exacerbated by climate change that affects all continents and over 40% of the world population is already affected by the problem. 1.1 billion People lack access to clean water to meet their daily basis needs. 2.6 billion People lack access to sanitation adequate. The daily drinking water is 2 to 4 litters per person. They valued at approximately 130 litters / day / person in rural areas and 350 litters / day /person in urban areas these needs include all uses related to the activity daily of the person. Algeria is a country in the semi-arid climate and is affected by the shortage. Its great urban population are under pressure, it becomes almost impossible to meet the demand. The constraints imposed by the water problems in Algeria hinder its development. Water resources are increasingly rare while the needs are increasing. Â  In Algerian cities, water is no longer supplied continuously (Bethemont J. 1991). Schedules of distribution of drinking water directly influence the satisfaction of demand water population. Demand is growing more and more time and requires proportional growth in supply, this needs is rarely achieved. While the mobilization of water resources has never stopped growing, but this growth is insufficient and less than demand, resulting in a gap between the amounts requested and the volume delivered through the water. Oran, the second city in Algeria (western of Algeria) has annual rainfall very low, the location and climate has affected the type of crops suitable for region with the advent of independence of Algeria, decisions policies have unbalanced the existing micro-climate. The uprooting of vines and change the countrys agricultural policies have resulted in an exacerbation of the arid climate. Everyone is in fear of days without rain. 1-Brief about Oran Oran is the second largest city of Algeria (from 48 provinces which called wilaya) and one of the largest in the Maghreb. Oran has preserved its identity while soaking up the influence of its successive occupants. It is a port city on the Mediterranean, north-western Algeria, and the chief town of the wilaya of the same name bordering the Gulf of Oran. It is Located 432 km west from the capital Algiers, the municipality had 685 000 inhabitants in 2007, while the town had about 1 235 000, it has a population of approximately 2 million inhabitants. The city is an economic and academic importance Oran has a Mediterranean climate marked by a classic summer drought. During the summer months, rainfall becomes scarce or nonexistent, and the sky is bright and clear. The subtropical anticyclone covers the area from Oran for nearly four months. However the region is well watered during the winter. Low precipitation (294mm rainfall) and frequency (72.9 days per year) are also characteristic of this climate. On the eve of the French colonization, there were only 18 000 inhabitants in Oran and its suburbs. Although during his good times, the city does not seem to have attracted over 30 000 inhabitants, the population of Oran double that figure only 50 years after the French arrived. Less than 70 years after the beginning of colonization, Oran passes 100 000 people to become the fifth French city. In the early twenty-first century, it has become one of the major cities of the Maghreb and approaches regularly by 1 000 000 Intramural people. After the Evian agreements and the independence, Europes population abandoned the city. Half of Oran finds deserted homes left empty are quickly reinvested after independence. 2-Statement of the Issue/Problem The demand for water needed for the promotion of industry and population use keeps increasing. Therefore, this situation caused by a lack of a strategy for water resources management resulted in the loss and waste of water resources. This has become critical as it hinders and blocks the development of the countrys economy. In the city of Oran, water management poses a difficult problem for the authorities. The resources which are available are less than those which are required. The outdated fashion of water conveyance and insufficient storage capacity hinder the correct distribution of water to the consumers. The daily quota per inhabitant remains small in comparison with international norms. The water management is not efficient Oran has in the past three decades an explosion worrying population, because not prepared to handle this influx of population. This situation resulting from two main reasons: Rural depopulation safe. Rural economic exodus Population of the town of Oran from 1980 to 2010 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 527000 604000 647000 675000 706000 765000 852000 RESOURCE: ministry of internal affairs -Algeria This led to an exacerbation of socio-economic (housing, drinking water) and Public Health (access to care). The city of Oran always had a deficit in water resources and the deficit has increased exponentially with the disproportionate increase in the population. The curves of the evolution of Rainfall averages 14 years (1993 = 435.15 mm 2007 mm = 251.2) show the deficit, which is correlated to the temperature rise. Configuration geographic region of Oran (plain) has disrupted its water policy, since it has no reserves of its own. The city has always been dependent on other provinces (Tlemcen, Mostaganem, Chlef) for its needs water. Proportion of distribution of water potable in the city of Oran % RESOURCE: ministry of water resources-Algeria According to the ministry of water resources statistic (2007) there are only 27 percent of inhabitants receive the water potable every day, while 21 percent receive it every two days, and more than 50 percent of inhabitants do not receive water drinking regularly, 24 percent of them receive it each three days and 17 percent receive it each four days, while the others 11 percent cannot access to the water drinking less than 4 days. the water strategy was depending mainly on rainfall, while The quantities needed by the population have continued decline in recent years in Oran, because of the disproportionate between the needs and the demands, the population have increased year after year while the resources have decreased (1993 = 435.15 mm 2007 mm = 251.2) and this causes drought phenomenon which may lead to the lake of water drinking. Resource: ministry of agriculture and irrigation The department of irrigation in Oran consider the needs of the city from drinking water per day around 320 000 cubic meters, while the amount currently produced and directed to distribute is approximately 200 000 cubic meters per day. This critical situation creates the re-emergence of diseases previously under control, such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, viral hepatitis A and E and fever Parasitic diseases are not left behind and make a resurgence worries health services (malaria, schistosomiasis, and leishmaniasis) 2-The local government policy of water potable in Oran: The main objective of the state water policy consists on providing sufficient potable water for the population supply. This objective was undertaken by increasing the water resources and availability. The local authority has put into action a wide programme taking into consideration several tasks, as: 2- 1-Increase rainfall collect capacity (dams construction): Since the local government policy was depending largely on the rainfall, the government has tried to exploit this resource by increasing their capacity of storage by building new dams, such as BENI BAHDEL dam. Its volume is 63 million cubic meters of water. To reach the city of Oran, the services of the hydraulic build some 170 kilometres of pipelines. The work has continued for ten years. The construction of dams will result in a substantial reduction of the impacts, namely landscape change. Construction of a rock fill dam would indeed require the extraction of quarry from the near sites can Produce 4.82 million cubic aggregates for the construction of the dam. 2-2 Implement new way of management: The local government have tried to implement the resolutions; to ease conflicts between the regions in urban and rural water development by adopting agricultural approaches more effective, such as the use of irrigation technology consumes less water, and the development of agricultural production programs saving water. (Such as olive, etc) 2- 3-Depending to other province: to secure the needs of the city from drinking water, the local government follow a policy that aim to achieve their inhabitants need from the potable water by bring it from the neighbour provinces such as Mostaganem, Tlemcen, Chlef etc, these provinces have additional resources of water 2-4- Restore cities water distribution facilities: the local government have tried to restore the network of water distribution; one of the major reasons that cause the water potable deficit is the incompetence of this network which causes sometimes the waste and misuse of water. 2-5 National water Law (revised in 1996 under law No. 96-13). This Code includes several articles related to wastewater discharge, pollution abatement, the Protection and preservation of water bodies and wastewater reuse for agricultural and Industrial purpose 3-The alternative policies: Although the effort that have been made and the actions that have been taken by the local government but the problem is still exist, the inhabitants still find a difficult to access to the water potable, and this may refer to the policies that have been implemented by the government to deal with this problem, however there are others policies could be more effective to solve this issue, this policies could be described as follow: 3-1Seawater Desalination: To overcome the lack of water and cope with ever-growing needs, given the population growth potable water, the local government could think about the desalination of seawater, as an alternative solution to deal with the drinking water problem, it could opt for seawater desalination especially since this solution is not dependent on weather. reverse osmosis units must install for the next years to produce a total capacity of 57.500 m3 per day, this quantity could help to ease the problem by providing a certain pert of the city needs, while the cost of creating a desalination unit is approximately 30 million dollar, comparing with the cost of transferring water from the other province 6000 billion dinner= 1 billion dollar, seem very sheep Seawater desalination could be regarded as a strategic option to secure the population needs of water supply. An ambitious program is actually undertaken to equip other province (the capital Algiers) by seawater desalination plants ranging from 50 000 to 200 000 m3 per day 3-2 Exploit of Ground water: A lot of water experts indicates that ground water resources in Algeria are estimated at 43 trillion cubic meters, 4 000 billion are used each year, more than 5 trillion are located in the north east (Oran in other province). This resources could be exploited and contribute in resolving water problem. Though the consumption of individuals varies between 100 m3 and 5000 m3 per year and that Algeria is ranked among the poorest countries in this context, with less than 700 cubic meters. They state that water resources are abundant in Oran region but not exploited, and that one in six of the world, finds it difficult to have regular or even periodically water to resolve this problem. International reports reveal, in the same context that Algeria suffers from a lack in water, and water experts indicate that the average consumer in the region reached 500 cubic meters per year, warning against the emergence of serious crisis in 15 years. 4- Recommendation: according to the alternative policies that have been mentioned above, and regarding to the resources that are available the recommendation in this issue can be addressed as follow: 1- The Oran local government decision-makers have relied on rainfall as a resource of the drinking water, they must move towards a policy of mobilizing non-conventional water resources. The operation has already been launched across other parts of the country and it achieves the success, and may it will become the solution for the town water crisis, where the lack of clean water is increasingly felt, and the aim of this policy is to double the current daily capacity. 2-All the water experts agree on the need to change the content specific policy of water. The management of water must be transformed todays sustainable management of water and this change in shape implies beyond political expediency, a substantive change. For the policies implemented so far follow the logic of engineering domestication of natural water resources and adapt, often offering for application. However, we cannot also forget that water is a scarce resource in the time and space, which requires taking into account the needs of management, and social and environmental practices of water 3- The local government decision-makers and planners cannot simply ask the technicians to try and mobilize the water as it was practiced and is still far, but they must focus on identifying strategies to shape a more careful management of local resources and at the same time doubling efforts to control population growth. To achieve this; companies, governments and civil society must work hand in hand to reconcile three worlds that have long ignored: Economy, ecology and social. In the long term, there will be no development possible if it is not economically efficient, socially equitable and ecologically tolerable. 4- The local decision-makers should implement new polices that not rely mainly on rainfall, they should address the alternative policies that cost less and more efficient such as seawater desalination, it could be more effective to resolve the crisis of potable water with very less cost comparing to other chooses, establishing a unit of seawater desalination with capability of daily production 60 000 cubic meters does not cost more than 30 million dollar, while transferring water from other province could cost around 1 billion dollar. Conclusion: In Algeria, even when not taking global climatic change into account, water scarcity is an important problem with acuity in many areas of the country. Since the seventies, dryness prevails in an intense and persistent way. The impact on the water resource already appeared through, the reduction in the rivers flow, the low level of filling dams and the global fall of the piezometric level of the principal country aquifers. In the future, the current deficits of the water resources will increase. This will lead to obvious problems of management and strategy to ensure a durable development for the country.

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Who loves spending a night away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life? Most all of us enjoy the experience of spending a night or several nights in a nice hotel. Whether it is for business or pleasure, a nice hotel experience can be refreshing. The hotel manager is the person responsible for making sure that the hotel runs efficiently, and ensures that the guests have a pleasant stay. He/she coordinates all service, housekeeping, finance, and maintenance. I have two years experience working in the hotel industry and plan to continue learning the hotel business with the goal of becoming manager of my own hotel. Nature of the Work The job of hotel manager has lots of responsibilities, they have to manage the hotel and its staff. Hotel manager also have to plan and execute advertise and promotion campaigns designed to attract more guests. Lodging managers also have to make sure that guests on vacation or business travels have a good experience at a hotel, motel, or other type of establishment with accommodations. They also ensure that the establishment is run efficiently and profitably. Managers also deal with all inquires in a professional and courteous manner, in person on the phone or e-mail (â€Å"Lodging Manager†). â€Å"Hospitality is a broad term for an industry that encompasses many types of employers and hundreds of job titles† (Aushn,23). Hospitality is another word for the business of hotels, motels, and resorts. It is estimated that one in eighteen employees in the united state works at some type of job in the hospitality industry. Travelers in the United State spent 527 billion dollars in 2001, and that amount has increased each year since. (Ashen 23). Hotel managers have many duties that they perform throughout the da... ...nsure that hotel operations meet a group’s expectation. Some other jobs in the hospitality industry are bed and breakfast proprietors. They manage small lording facilities within a home. Many of these homes are restored historical homes and offer a true vintage experience. A concierge at a hotel provides service to hotel guests such as show ticket dinner reservations or taxi service. Hotel desk clerk and office manager assist the hotel manager in large hotel and take care of those specific areas (â€Å"Lodging Managers†). A career as a hotel manager is very demanding. They perform many duties throughout their day and have a great deal of responsibility. Their main job is to see that the hotel or motel is run efficiently so that their guests have a pleasant stay. I have been training for a job as a hotel manager and would like to continue pursuing this job as my career.

Comparing Prince Hal and Henrys Models of Statescraft :: essays research papers

Comparing Prince Hal and Henry's Models of Statescraft To compare the difference between King Henry and Prince Hal's style of statecraft, first we have to understand the basic philosophy of each. The King belives that to effectively lead the country one needs to lead by example. According to the King's philosophy the best man is the one who lives a pure life and garners respect and honor from all men. To the King's way of thinking Hotspur is more fit to be a King than Prince Hal, a comparison the King makes several times. In Act I, scene i King Henry makes his first comparison of Hotspur to his son saying that Lord Northumberland's son, Hotspur, was "A son who is the theme of honour's tounge..." while Prince Hal was stained by "...riot and dishonor...." In fact the King goes so far as to wish that Hotspur was his his son and not Prince Henry. Later in Act III, scene ii King Henry tells the Prince that Hal reminds him of the way King Richard acted before Henry took the throne and that Hotspur reminds the King of himself. This is the King's not so subtle way oftelling Hal that the King doesn't think he is fit to suceed him to the throne. Prince Hal on the other hand has a different idea of statecraft. He expresses his ideas in his speech in Act I, scene ii when he says "If all the year were playing holidays, To sport would be as tedious as to work; But when they seldom come, they wish'd-for come,...My reformation glitt'ring o'er my fault, Shall show more goodly and attract more eyes than that which hath no foil to set it off." He is saying that he may be acting like a common ruffian now but when he does take up his duties as heir to the throne and begin to act like a prince he will shine more in the eyes of men because his actions now will provide a contrast by which they can judge him. It is important to note that Hal does not plan to spend the rest of his life acting in this manner. He does plan to leave this life behind and take on the role of heir apparent to the throne of England. In Act III, scene ii when the King confronts Hal about his delinquencies Hal is quick to agree with the King. He admits that he has not acted the part of a prince and humbled by the condemnation of the King swears a vow to redeem